Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project Publications

The following is a comprehensive, alphabetized list of publications generated by the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, including comparative data, several books, and more than 60 published working papers written or edited by Center Staff and Local Associates. The project’s primary publications are Global Civil Society, Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volumes I (1999) and II (2004) and the associated comparative data tables and Global Civil Society Index.
 
Please browse the publications below, or visit the Center’s publications database to browse by category or search by country, region, or keyword. Click here for blog posts related to the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project.
 

• Argentina: Chapter 19 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 19 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Argentina. Data is circa 1995.

• Argentina: Chapter 19 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 19 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en la Argentina. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Argentina: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #33 | Andrea Campetella, Inés González Bombal, and Mario Roitter. Traces the origins of the private nonprofit organizations and explains the recent emergence in the visibility of the nonprofit sector in Argentina. Outlines the historical construct of the “third” sector and its impact on the development of Argentina’s nonprofit sector and studies the impact of the Argentinean legal system on the development of such institutions.

• Argentina: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Australia: Chapter 10 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 10 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Australia. Data is circa 1995.

• Australia: Chapter 10 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 10 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1 . Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Australia. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Australia: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #30 | Mark Lyons. Reveals that Australia has many nonprofit organizations, but no recognized nonprofit sector, despite the fact that collectively these organizations constitute one of the larger sectors in the world. This disunity, the author suggests, could pose a significant burden on the sector’s continued development as long as the public perceives the organizational world in terms of only the government and business sectors

• Australia: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Belgium: Chapter 2 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 2 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Belgium. Data is circa 1995.

• Belgium: Chapter 2 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 2 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Bélgica. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Belgium: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Brazil: Chapter 20 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 20 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Colombia. Data is circa 1995.

• Brazil: Chapter 20 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 20 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Brasil. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Brazil: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #9 | Leilah Landim. The notion of nonprofit organizations is unfamiliar to Brazilian social and economic thought, but it is gradually gaining prominence. Ties the emergence of the nonprofit sector to the close links between the Church and the population. Indicates a shift in the last decade of the nineteenth century where voluntary organizations came up on their own and covered more diverse areas of political and professional interests. Studies the relationship between the fiscal sector and the nonprofit sector, as well as the legal status of these organizations. Discusses the reemergence of the relationship between the Catholic church and the State as a mechanism to maintain social order.

• Brazil: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Canada: Highlights of the National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations (2005)
  Produced by Statistics Canada, this report summarizes the findings of the National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations which was carried out in 2003. The findings of this survey were instrumental in producing the National Report for the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in Canada. Data is circa 2003.

• Canada: Highlights of the National Survey of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations (French, 2005)
  Produit par Statistique Canada , ce rapport résume les constatations de l'Enquête nationale auprès des organismes bénévoles et sans but qui a été réalisée en 2003. Les résultats de cette enquête ont contribué à produire les Rapport national pour le Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project travailler au Canada. Les données sont circa 2003.

• Canada: The Canadian Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector in Comparative Perspective (2005)
  Produced by Imagine Canada, this report summarizes the findings of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in Canada. The findings show that the nonprofit and voluntary sector accounts for 6.8 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and, when the value of volunteer work is incorporated, contributes 8.5 percent of the GDP, employing 12 percent of Canada’s economically active population, and provide 13 percent of its non-agricultural employment. Data is circa 2000-2003.

• Canada: The Canadian Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector in Comparative Perspective (French, 2005)
  Produit par Imagine Canada, ce rapport résume les conclusions de la Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project travailler au Canada. Les résultats montrent que les comptes du secteur bénévole et 6,8 pour cent du produit intérieur brut de la nation produit intérieur brut (PIB) et, lorsque la valeur du travail bénévole est incorporé, contribue à 8,5 pour cent du PIB, emploie 12 pour cent de la population économiquement active du Canada, et fournissent 13 pour cent de ses emplois non agricoles. Les données sont circa 2000-2003.

• Canada: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Caring Sector or Caring Society? Discovering the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally (1994)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #17 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Challenges conventional U.S. rhetoric of voluntarism, which equates the size and visibility of the nonprofit sector with the presence of a “caring tradition” in a society.

• Chile: Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project National Report (2006)
  Produced by FOCUS, this report summarizes the findings of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in Chile. The findings show that the Chilean nonprofit sector is the largest in Latin America, accounting for over 303 thousand full-time equivalent (FTE) paid and voluntary jobs; paid employment alone represents 2.6% of the economically active population. Data is circa 2004.

• Chile: Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project National Report (Español, 2006)
  Producido por FOCUS, este informe resume los resultados de la Proyecto comparativo Johns Hopkins sector sin Fines de Lucro de trabajo en Chile. Los resultados muestran que el sector sin fines de lucro de Chile es el más grande en América Latina, representando más del 303 000 equivalentes a tiempo completo (ETC) y trabajos pagados voluntarios, el empleo remunerado representa por sí solo el 2,6% de la población económicamente activa. Los datos son alrededor de 2004.

• Chile: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (2004)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2004.

• Colombia: Chapter 21 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 21 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Colombia. Data is circa 1995.

• Colombia: Chapter 21 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 21 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Colombia. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Colombia: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #29 | Rodrigo Villar. Describes a nonprofit sector in which nonprofit, or civil society, organizations have begun to emerge autonomously, independent of the government, political parties, or the Catholic Church. This civil society renewal is facilitated by the 1991 Constitution providing for participatory spaces for private, nonprofit actors, but has been challenged by continuing political violence.

• Colombia: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Comparative Data Tables (2004)
  Drawn from Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 2, these compiled tables and figures compare data from 36 countries. This packet includes tables on 1) volunteering and giving as a share of GDP by country; 2) the civil society sector workforce as a percent of the economically active population; 3) volunteering in 36 countries; 4) the civil society sector workforce by field; 5) civil society sector sources of support; and 6) volunteering and giving as a share of GDP by country. This is the most recent comparative data available from the Center; circa 1995-2002.

• Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project Methodology
  The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project sought to develop a common base of data about a similar set of “nonprofit” or “voluntary” institutions in a disparate set of countries. This required that we resolve five critical methodological and conceptual challenges including selection of a set of differing countries for testing theories; clearly defining what was meant by “nonprofit” or “voluntary” organizations; development of a classification scheme; identification the most meaningful aspects of these organizations to focus on for data-gathering purposes; and devising a way to collect reliable data on these aspects in a cost-efficient fashion. This document describes how the Center went about these tasks and provides more detail on the actual sources of data used in various countries.

• Czech Republic: Chapter 14 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 14 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in the Czech Republic. Data is circa 1995.

• Czech Republic: Chapter 14 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 14 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en la República Checa. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Czech Republic: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #27 | Pavol Fric, Lenka Deverová, Petr Pajas, and Hana Silhánová. Describes the Czech nonprofit sector as being in a period of self-identification without precisely set borders delineating the scope of its activity. Following an outline of the sector’s historical roots and an analysis of the various organizational forms, the authors present ten critical issues that highlight the current status of the sector and what is at stake in its further development.

• Czech Republic: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Denmark: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2005)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #44 | Bjarne Ibsen and Ulla Habermann Defines the voluntary sector in Denmark and delimits the different types of organizations included in the sector. Reviews the history and social context within which these organizations have developed. Addresses the “grey zone” of organizations that do not clearly fit under the definition of the nonprofit sector.

• Denmark: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (2004)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2004.

• Egypt: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #10 | Amani Kandil. Discusses the way the nonprofit sector is defined and conceptualized in Egypt in light of three factors: state distrust of civil society, a rapidly changing political economy, and the rise of Islamic organizations, particularly in the nonprofit sector. Describes the major types of nonprofit organizations in Egypt and relates their challenges to tension between the State and religious groups and organizations.

• Egypt: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1999)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1999.

• Explaining Civil Society Development: A Social Origins Approach flyer (2017)
  Flyer and table of contents for Explaining Civil Society Development: A Social Origins Approach from Johns Hopkins University Press by Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, Megan A. Haddock, and Associates (published August 22, 2017). The book is available for purchase from Amazon or Johns Hopkins University Press.

• Finland: Chapter 3 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 3 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Finland. Data is circa 1996.

• Finland: Chapter 3 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 3 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro , en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Finlandia. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Finland: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #34 | Voitto Helander and Susan Sundback. Examines the division in the societal organizations and the relatedness between the private and public sectors in Finland. Describes the impact of the Finnish integration into the European Union on the development of the “third” sector. Explains the impact of Finnish political and legal history on the development of the nonprofit sector.

• Finland: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• France: Chapter 4 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 4 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in France. Data is circa 1995.

• France: Chapter 4 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 4 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Francia. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• France: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #7 | Edith Archambault. Attributes the difficulty in studying the nonprofit sector in France to the largely invisible nature of these institutions. Chronicles the reemergence of this sector from the 1980s when the Socialist government supported its emergence as important in French social policy. Describes the historical evolution of the nonprofit sector in France from the eighteenth century onwards and explains the shift in the legality of these organizations over time. Identifies the sectors that make up the social economy in France and the describes the current relationship between the nonprofit sector, French society and the state.

• France: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Germany: Chapter 5 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 5 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Germany. Data is circa 1995.

• Germany: Chapter 5 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 5 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Alemania. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Germany: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #6 | Helmut K. Anheier and Wolfgang Seibel. Defines the concepts that make up the German nonprofit sector and tie the development of the sector to development of social goods and services in Germany. Explains that the nonprofit sector in Germany is not just one entity, but rather, it is composed of various terms that put these organizations somewhere between state agencies and market firms. Describes the different legal, fiscal and social implications of the term, nonprofit sector, and trace the historical developments of the sector in Germany to better explain the definition and conceptualization of the nonprofit sector today.

• Germany: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Ghana: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1995)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #14 | Lawrence Atingdui. Describes the composition of the Ghanaian nonprofit sector and contrasts it with other African countries that impose stricter restrictions on nonprofit organizations. Ghana’s nonprofit sector enjoys some cooperation from the government in the fields of health, social services, and education. Delineates the various types of nonprofit organizations in Ghana and discusses various legal and current issues in the context of the situation of these organizations in Ghana.

• Global Civil Society Index (2004)
  Drawn from Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 2, the Johns Hopkins Global Civil Society Index captures the multiple dimensions of the civil society sector in 34 countries around the world in a readily understood and compared format. Data in this Index is circa 1995-2002.

• Global Civil Society: An Overview (2003)
  Summarizes the basic empirical results of the latest phase of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, a major effort to document the scope, structure, financing, and role of the nonprofit sector around the world, and to explain the resulting patterns. These results are reported more fully in Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 2.

• Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1 (1999)
  ISBN 1-886333-42-4 | Lester M. Salamon, Helmut K. Anheier, Regina List, Stefan Toepler, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates. Resulting from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this volume presents a comprehensive country-by-country analysis of the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in 22 countries around the world. The full text is available for download here; also available for purchase at Amazon.

• Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 2 (2004)
  ISBN 1-56549-184-X | Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates. Resulting from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this second volume of the Global Civil Society series continues our comprehensive country-by-country analysis of the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in 22 countries around the world. This download contains the table of contents and introductory chapter; the full volume is available for purchase in paperback and Kindle editions at Amazon. See also: 36-Country Data Tables.

• Hungary: Chapter 15 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 15 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Hungary. Data is circa 1995.

• Hungary: Chapter 15 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 15 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Hungría. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Hungary: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #13 | Eva Kuti. Discusses the nonprofit sector in Hungary in the context of the historical and political changes that took place, especially following the fall of Communism. Explains the lack of established legal, economic and fiscal regulations regarding the nonprofit sector in Hungary. Describes trends in the growth of the nonprofit sector since 1989 and the major types of organizations that have formed in light of the changed political conditions.

• Hungary: Methodological Practice and Practical Methodology - Fifteen Years in Nonprofit Statistics (2009)
  Hungarian Statistical Review, Special Number 12 | Renáta Nagy and István Sebestény. Written by Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project Local Associates, this paper discusses the Hungarian Central Statistical Office's annual surveys on the nonprofit sector, which have been carried out since 1993. A method of data collection and processing has been developed for the last 15 years. The study presents not only the methodology, but its function in the practice describing the features of the Hungarian civil sphere. This process is performed by different statistical indicators referring to 2006 and in time series.

• Hungary: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions (1992)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #2 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Identifies the voluntary/nonprofit sector as the Third Sector, and suggests a conceptual approach for defining the nonprofit sector. Derives a definition for the sector and then applies it to various countries to assess its appropriateness.

• In Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification (1992)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #3 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Redefines the nonprofit sector by giving it a structural/operational definition that breaks up organizations in the nonprofit sector into five structural/operational features. Explains the need for such a classification system and explains why existing systems are lacking in their definition of the sector. Also provides an alternative to the Proposed International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations and tests a cross-national application of the alternative.

• India: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #12 | Siddhartha Sen. Attributes the complexities of Indian society in religion, ethnicity, cultural diversity and politics as causes for the lack of an underlying trend in the Indian nonprofit sector. Divides the development of voluntarism into three periods of Indian history and links them with ancient religious scriptures. Explains the role of the British in the development of this sector during their colonization of India and the emphasis on philanthropic works by three major religious movements, Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh. Chronicles the development of the nonprofit sector following independence in 1947 and underlines differences between the conceptual and legal status of nonprofits in India.

• India: Defining the Sector in India - Voluntary, Civil or Nonprofit (PRIA, 2000)
  PRIA Working Paper #1. The first of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper focuses on the definition and classification of nonprofit organizations as part of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in India.

• India: Dimensions of Giving and Volunteering in Delhi (PRIA, 2004)
  PRIA Working Paper #13. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of a survey on philanthropic giving and volunteering by the general populace undertaken as a complement to the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in the state of Delhi, India.

• India: Dimensions of Giving and Volunteering in Maharashtra (PRIA, 2003)
  PRIA Working Paper #11. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of a survey on philanthropic giving and volunteering by the general populace undertaken as a complement to the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in the state of Maharashtra, India.

• India: Dimensions of Giving and Volunteering in Meghayala (PRIA, 2003)
  PRIA Working Paper #8. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in the state of Meghayala, India.

• India: Dimensions of Giving and Volunteering in Meghayala (PRIA, 2003)
  PRIA Working Paper #9. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of a survey on philanthropic giving and volunteering by the general populace undertaken as a complement to the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in the state of Meghayala, India.

• India: Dimensions of Giving and Volunteering in West Bengal (PRIA, 2003)
  PRIA Working Paper #7. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of a survey on philanthropic giving and volunteering by the general populace undertaken as a complement to the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in the state of West Bengal, India.

• India: Exploring the Nonprofit Sector in India - Some Glimpses from Delhi (PRIA, 2004)
  PRIA Working Paper #12. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the preliminary findings of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in the state of Delhi, India.

• India: Exploring the Nonprofit Sector in India - Some Glimpses from Maharashtra (PRIA, 2003)
  PRIA Working Paper #10. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the preliminary findings of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in the state of Maharashtra, India.

• India: Exploring the Nonprofit Sector in India - Some Glimpses from Tamil Nadu (PRIA, 2002)
  PRIA Working Paper #4. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

• India: Exploring the Nonprofit Sector in India - Some Glimpses from West Bengal (PRIA, 2002)
  PRIA Working Paper #6. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the findings of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in the state of West Bengal, India.

• India: Invisible Yet Widespread - The Nonprofit Sector in India (PRIA, 2002)
  One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, this paper presents the preliminary findings of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in India.

• India: Legal Framework for Nonprofit Institutions in India (PRIA, 2001)
  PRIA Working Paper #2. One of a series of working papers produced by the Society for Participatory Research in Asia, as part of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this paper examines the contemporary legal framework in which the nonprofit sector is active in India.

• India: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (2000)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2000.

• Ireland: Chapter 6 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 6 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Ireland. Data is circa 1995.

• Ireland: Chapter 6 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 6 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Irlanda. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Ireland: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #28 | Freda Donoghue. Provides an overview of the Irish nonprofit sector, better known domestically as the voluntary sector. The author suggests that, although government support for voluntary activity in the education and health fields has been strong, a coherent policy toward growing self-help and community efforts is needed.

• Ireland: Uncovering the Nonprofit Sector - Its Economic Value and Significance (1999)
  Summarizes the findings of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in Ireland. The findings sow that, including volunteering, the total income of the Irish nonprofit sector in 1995 was £3.7bn, or 9.45% of GDP and 10.66& of GNP and employed 15% of the country's FTE workers. Data is circa 1995.

• Ireland: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Israel: Chapter 11 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 11 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Israel. Data is circa 1995.

• Israel: Chapter 11 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 11 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Israel. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Israel: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #26 | Benjamin Gidron and Hagai Katz. Describes the meaning of the nonprofit sector in Israeli society and the ambiguity of this definition in the Israeli context due to the lack of clear delineation as to the composition of the sector. Analyzes impact of the dominating political ideology on the definition of the nonprofit sector and the impact of the legal framework surrounding nonprofit organizations.

• Israel: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Italy: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #8 | Gian Paolo Barbetto. Describes the nonprofit sector in Italy has vague and blurred by the overlapping of the separate realms of the public and private sector. Describes the government’s efforts to limit the power and influence of the Catholic church and integrate social movements into the political structure of the capitalist economy. Describes the status of nonprofit organizations under civil law in Italy and their legal status. Also details the historical evolution of the Italian nonprofit sector and highlights crucial developments in its evolution.

• Italy: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1999.

• Japan: Chapter 12 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 12 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Japan. Data is circa 1995.

• Japan: Chapter 12 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 12 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Japón. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Japan: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #15 | Takayoshi Amenomori. Explains that the nonprofit sector in Japan is greatly influenced by the public and private sectors and that is difficult to measure because many of the organizations are not registered or incorporated, and are often treated as a part of the government. Delves into the historical background of the Japan, emphasizing its tradition of philanthropy and highlighting the changes over various periods including the monarchy, through World War II, and in the post-war period. Also shows the role of Buddhism in the creation of philanthropic activities and the presence of the nonprofit sector in Japanese law.

• Japan: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Kenya: Workforce, Revenue and Expenditure Data (2000)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2000.

• Korea, Republic of: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2002)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #41 | Inchoon Kim and Changsoon Hwang. Describes how South Korea’s political history and societal characteristics have influenced the evolution of the country’s nonprofit sector and the ways in which the sector is conceptualized and defined.

• Korea, Republic of: Workforce, Revenue and Expenditure Data (1997)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1997.

• Measuring Social Consequences of Non-Profit Institution Activities: A Research Note (2014)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #50 | S. Wojciech Sokolowski. This paper proposes a model of a standardized measurement of social benefits created by NPI activities for the purpose of macro-economic analysis. The proposed model draws from the well-established in measurement methodology concepts: the program logic model and the supply and use and input/output tables used in the System of National Accounts. The model is based on standard definitions of NPI central products (material output) and social beneficiaries of those products (outcomes), and allocates quantitative shares of those products to different types of beneficiaries. Seven material output/outcome matrices for the industries in which NPIs tend to concentrate are proposed: education, health care, social assistance, housing construction and services, community development, culture, arts and recreation and membership organizations. Each matrix allocates material output to different outcomes for the entire industry, and separately for NPIs in that industry, which allows comparing NPIs against industry wide benchmarks. The paper also proposes a model for measuring broader social impacts that includes direct and consequential benefits as well as savings in social spending.

• Mexico: Chapter 22 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 22 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Mexico. Data is circa 1995.

• Mexico: Chapter 22 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 22 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en México. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Mexico: Workforce, Revenue and Expenditure Data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Morocco: Workforce, Revenue and Expenditure Data (1999)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1999.

• Netherlands: Chapter 7 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 7 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in the Netherlands. Data is circa 1995.

• Netherlands: Chapter 7 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 7 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en los Países Bajos. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Netherlands: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1997)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #23 | Ary Burger, Paul Dekker, Tymen van der Ploeg, and Wino van Veen. Reviews the historical and legal background as well as the treatment and definition of the nonprofit sector in the Netherlands. Explains that the nonprofit sector is not a defined term in Dutch and that it is viewed with more of a legal emphasis in organizations that focus on health, culture, arts and social services. Emphasizes the historical background of the development of the nonprofit sector in the Netherlands by explaining the pillarization process and the subsequent closeness of ties between the government and nonprofit sector.

• Netherlands: History of the Nonprofit Sector (1999)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #35 | Vic Veldheer and Ary Burger. Traces the roots of the Dutch nonprofit sector and its development, as well as the social and legal origins that help to classify the nonprofit sector in the Netherlands. Describes the impact of government behavior on the development of the sector and isolates particular areas of the nonprofit sector for impact analysis.

• Netherlands: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• New Zealand: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2006)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #45 | Margaret Tennant, Jackie Sanders, Michael O’Brien, and Charlotte Castle Identifies difficulties in defining the nonprofit sector as a single institution in New Zealand because of a number of complicating perspectives. Points to self-definitions of nonprofit groups, which are often based on the sector they serve, rather than on membership in the Third Sector. Discusses important milestones in the development of New Zealand nonprofit organizations, the legal structures that govern them, and the major types of nonprofit organizations using the United Nations International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO) as a framework.

• New Zealand: The New Zealand Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective (2008)
  Produced by Office of the Community and Voluntary Sector, this report by Jackie Sanders, Mike O’Brien, Margaret Tennant, S. Wojciech Sokolowski and Lester M. Salamon, summarizes the findings of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in New Zealand. The findings show that the nonprofit and voluntary sector expenditures as of March 2004 were NZ$9.8 billion when the value of volunteer work was taken into account. In addition, the nonprofit sector employed 9.6 percent of the economically active population when volunteers were taken into account. This makes New Zealand's nonprofit sector the 7th larges amongst those studied as part of the CNP. Data is circa 2004.

• Nonprofit Institutions and the 1993 System of National Accounts (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #25 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Describes the framework of the United Nations System of National Accounts and its relationship with nonprofit institutions. Furthermore, it delineates the domain and scope of nonprofit institutions and their function within the context of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector project. It also assesses the impact of the allocation of rules on nonprofit institutions.

• Nonprofit Law: Ten Issues in Search of Resolution (1996)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #20 | Lester M. Salamon and Susan L. Q. Flaherty. Introduces ten fundamental issues providing a useful framework for assessing the laws and regulations governing the nonprofit sector internationally.

• Pakistan: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2003)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #42 | Aisha Ghaus-Pasha and Muhammad Asif Iqbal. Explains how historical and religious influences have contributed to the growth and development of civil society in Pakistan and discusses the challenges faced by the Pakistani nonprofit sector. Describes the types of nonprofit organizations in Pakistan and gives an overview of the sector’s legal framework.

• Pakistan: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (2000)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2000.

• Peru: Chapter 23 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 23 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Peru. Data is circa 1995.

• Peru: Chapter 23 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 23 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Perú. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Peru: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Philippines: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2001)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #39 | Ledivina V. Cariño and PNSP Project Staff. Provides an overview of the types of organizations included in the Philippine nonprofit sector, the terms used to depict these organizations, and special features of the country’s history that have shaped the sector’s development.

• Poland: Chapter 16 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 16 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Poland. Data is circa 1995.

• Poland: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2000)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #36 | Ewa Les, Slawomir Nalecz, and Jakub Wygnanski. Examines the historical background of the nonprofit sector in Poland and its evolution over a series of political changes and illustrates the impact of the fall of Communism on Polish civil society. Highlights the impact of the legal status of nonprofit organizations on their development in Poland.

• Poland: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1997)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1997.

• Portugal: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2005)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #43 | Raquel Campos Franco Describes the impact of Portugal’s political and cultural history on the scope and role of the nonprofit sector and its continued evolution in the contemporary Portuguese political environment. Evaluates the legal framework surrounding the nonprofit sector in Portugal and its impact on the development of these organizations.

• Portugal: The Portuguese Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective (2006)
  Produced by Universidade Católica Portuguesa, this report by Raquel Campos Franco, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, Eileen M. H. Hairel and Lester M. Salamon, summarizes the findings of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in Portugal. The findings show that the nonprofit and voluntary sector expenditures as of 2002 that represent 4.2 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), employing 4.0 percent of the economically active population. This makes the Portuguese nonprofit sector roughly equivalent in size to that in neighboring Spain and Italy. Data is circa 2002.

• Portugal: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (2002)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2002.

• Putting Civil Society on the Economic Map of the World (2010)
  Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics Vol. 81, No. 2 | Lester M. Salamon. This paper provides an overview of a series of steps that have been taken by the Center over the past 20 years in cooperation with colleagues around the world and with officials in the United Nations Statistics Division and the International Labour Organization to bring measurement of the civil society sector into national economic statistics, culminating in the issuance and initial implementation of the United Nations Handbook on Nonprofit Institutions in the System of National Accounts and the International Labour Organization Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work. The Center is grateful to the Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics for granting permission to post this article.

• Romania: Chapter 17 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 17 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Romania. Data is circa 1995.

• Romania: Chapter 17 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 17 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Rumania. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Romania: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #32 | Daniel Saulean and Carmen Epure. Identifies the late emergence of the nonprofit sector in Romania as a result of the institutions imposed by the Socialist regime, and illustrates the changes in the nonprofit sector in post-Socialist Romania. This paper also identifies obstacles faced by the non-governmental sector, such as geopolitical instability and civil law, as causes that contributed to the limited growth of this sector.

• Romania: Philanthropy, Nationalism, and the Growth of Civil Society (1998)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #31 | Maria Bucur. Traces the historical origins of discourse on social welfare and philanthropy being employed today to institutionalize a newly burgeoning nonprofit sector. Looks at the role of the State, religion, and cultural homogeneity as factors affecting the growth of the Romanian Third Sector. Concludes that the sector’s difficulties in defining itself are based on the gap between the novelty of the sector and the traditional nature of its conceptual origins.

• Romania: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Slovakia: Chapter 18 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 18 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Slovakia. Data is circa 1995.

• Slovakia: Chapter 18 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 18 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en Eslovaquia. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Slovakia: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1996)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1996.

• Social Origins of Civil Society: An Overview (2000)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #38 | Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Helmut K. Anheier. The availability of comparative cross-national data has made it possible to test the existing theories of the origins of the nonprofit sector. These theories assume a competitive relationship between the nonprofit sector and the state in the production of public goods; however, the cross-national data show no straightforward relationship between the size of the nonprofit and the government social welfare sectors. This paper provides an alternative theory that conceptualizes the nonprofit sector in the broader context of the development of social, political, and economic institutions during the period of modernization. This theory explains cross-national variations in the size of the nonprofit sector and accounts for its different roles and relationships to other social institutions such as state, class structure, and organized religion in different countries.

• Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally (1996)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #22 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Applies results from the Comparative Nonprofit Sector project to test some leading nonprofit sector theories. The resulting analysis discusses how these theories often fail to account for the complexity of the cross-national experience. The authors propose a new social origins" approach to describe the international nonprofit sector.

• South Africa: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1998)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1998.

• Spain: Chapter 8 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 8 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in Spain. Data is circa 1995.

• Spain: Chapter 8 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 8 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en España. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• Sweden: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1995)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #16 | Tommy Lundström and Filip Wijkström. Identifies lack of knowledge about the Swedish nonprofit sector as the cause for insufficient debate about the nature and future of the sector. Existing discussions offer contradictory or overlapping terms and concepts, and some researchers question the existence of a nonprofit sector in Sweden. Although the nonprofit sector is relatively small, upon the incorporation of a broader set of organizations, primarily church and state institutions, the nonprofit sector has a more significant presence. Discusses historical, social and legal developments that lead to the creation of the Swedish nonprofit sector.

• Sweden: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1992)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1992.

• Switzerland: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (2009)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #46 | Bernd Helmig, Christoph Bärlocher and Georg von Schnurbein Justifies defining Switzerland’s Third Sector as an institution, despite its heterogeneous nature. Uses a conceptual and historical analysis to define the sector and place it in the context of its relationship with Swiss society and politics and their respective influences. Once defined in the Swiss context, compares and assesses the extent to which the Swiss Third Sector conforms to the internationally accepted structural-operational definition.

• Switzerland: Government Policy and the Nonprofit Sector (2009)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #48 | Michael Nollert and Monica Budowski. Addresses the political context for nonprofit organizations in Switzerland, the Swiss political context with its particularities of a confederation and of direct democratic instruments that effect the socio-political environment, the characteristics of nonprofit organizations and their influence on politics and policies, and current issues relevant to NPOs.

• Switzerland: Nonprofit Law (2009)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #47 | Dominique Jakob, Roman Huber and Katharina Rauber Looks into the legal requirements and forms that shape the Swiss nonprofit sector. Emphasizes specifically the legal issues surrounding foundations, religious organizations, and donations. Further addresses taxation and liability concerns, as well as accounting, auditing, and reporting requirements.

• Switzerland: The Swiss Civil Society Sector in a Comparative Perspective (2011)
  Produced by the Institute for Research on Management of Associations, Foundations and Cooperatives (VMI), University of Fribourg, this report summarizes the findings of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project work in Switzerland. Data is circa 2005.

• Tanzania: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (2000)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 2000.

• Thailand: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #11 | Amara Pongsapich. Explains that the nonprofit sector in Thailand is viewed as a competitor to the country’s military governments, but is being recognized as essential to the economic and social development of the country. Traces the origins of the Thai nonprofit sector to religion and describes the emergence of non-religious organizations following World War II. Explains that the sector has grown despite periods of suppression and has also been influenced by the presence of Catholic missionaries in Thailand. Describes the major types of nonprofit organizations in contemporary Thailand and their legal statuses in the eyes of the government.

• The Emerging Sector Revisited: A Summary with Revised Estimates (1999)
  ISBN 1-886333-40-8 | Lester M. Salamon, Helmut K. Anheier, and Associates. Reports results from the second phase of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (1995-1999), Offers an international overview of the scope, structure, financing and role of the nonprofit sector in 22 countries throughout the world. Targeting the nonprofit sector in countries within Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and other developed countries (including the U.S., Japan, Israel, and Australia). Captures both local and regional circumstances and peculiarities, and provides a comprehensive empirical overview of the nonprofit sector at the local, regional, and global level. Also available in Spanish.

• The Emerging Sector Revisited: A Summary with Revised Estimates (Español, 1999)
  ISBN 1-886333-40-8 | Lester M. Salamon, Helmut K. Anheier, y Asociados. Informes de resultados de la segunda fase del proyecto Johns Hopkins Comparativo del Sector Sin Fines de Lucro (1995-1999), ofrece un panorama internacional del ámbito de aplicación, estructura, financiamiento y el papel del sector sin fines de lucro en 22 países de todo el mundo. Dirigidas al sector sin fines de lucro en los países de Europa Occidental, Europa Central y Oriental, América Latina y otros países desarrollados (incluidos los EE.UU., Japón, Israel y Australia). Captura tanto las circunstancias locales y regionales y las peculiaridades, y ofrece un panorama general empírico del sector sin fines de lucro a nivel local, regional y global.

• The Emerging Sector: An Overview (1994)
  ISBN 1-8863-3300-9 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. The first publication to emerge from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this volume presents the project's initial findings, bringing the world's nonprofit sector into empirical focus for the first time. This download contains information from the cover of the book, as well as the table of contents. The full volume is available for purchase from Amazon.

• The Emerging Sector: An Overview (1996)
  ISBN 0-7190-4871-0 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Features an expanded discussion of the initial implementation of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. Discusses the increasingly influential role played by nonprofit organizations in the economies and societies of countries throughout the world. Offers an international overview of the scope, structure, financing and role of the nonprofit sector and features a comparative summary of the findings of individual empirical analyses into the nonprofit sectors in 12 countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Japan, Brazil, Ghana, Egypt, Thailand and India. Explores the global scale of the sector, its sources of revenue, and differences between the countries analyzed and assesses how well-equipped nonprofit organizations are to respond to the shift towards voluntarism and away from government in many societies, and they identifies the key issues such organizations need to address in the future, such as coming to terms with globalization. This download contains information from the cover of the book, as well as the table of contents. The full volume is available for purchase from Amazon.

• The International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations - ICNPO. Revision 1.0 (1996)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #19 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Presents an updated version (resulting from the Dublin Project Team Meeting in December 1995) of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project’s classification system (first created in 1992 through collaboration of the team of international scholars working on the Project). The classification system is increasingly used for statistical purposes in a broad cross- section of countries.

• The Nonprofit Sector in the United Nations System of National Accounts: Definition, Treatment, and Practice (1992)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #4 | Helmut K. Anheier, Gabriel Rudney, and Lester M. Salamon. Describes the conceptualization of the nonprofit sector in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) and the development of its sector-based typology. Compares the real-world application of SNA guidelines in various countries and produces an overall assessment in terms of scope of coverage and data quality. Finally, in light of this assessment and of revisions made in the guidelines, recommends a reconceptualization of the nonprofit sector, using a structural/operational definition, rather than a client/revenue criterion.

• The Nonprofit Sector: A New Global Force (1996)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #21 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Labels the nonprofit sector as the great innovation of the latter twentieth century and identifies the domination of the two sector model of market and state as the reason for which the nonprofit sector has remained hidden from view. Introduces the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, highlights its methods, areas of focus, and findings.

• The Nonprofit Sector: For What and For Whom? (2000)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #37 | Lester M. Salamon, Leslie Hems, and Kathryn Chinnock. Reveals some initial results from the Impact Analysis portion of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. Nonprofit organizations are performing a wide variety of service, innovation, advocacy, expressive and community-building roles in diverse fields throughout the world. They are doing so, moreover, with far fewer vulnerabilities than often assumed. Because it is difficult to answer empirically the fundamental question of the impact of this set of organizations, this study utilizes a systematic methodological approach that looks at both potential positive and negative consequences. The paper concludes that the nonprofit sector does indeed seem to perform a distinctive set of roles, while at the same time, it still suffers from some vulnerabilities. This initial discussion covers 17 countries to date out of about 40 countries in the study.

• The State of Global Civil Society and Volunteering: Latest findings from the implementation of the UN Nonprofit Handbook (2013)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #49 | Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, Megan Haddock, and Helen S. Tice. The latest findings resulting from the implementation of the UN Handbook on Nonprofit Institutions in the System of National Accounts. This report includes data on nonprofit employment, volunteering, fields of activity, contribution to GDP, expenditures, and revenues in 16 countries around the world.

• The Third World’s Third Sector in Comparative Perspective (1997)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #24 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Assesses the increasing impact of nonprofit activity in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the concurrent lack of information surrounding them in the Third World sector by studying five different countries to gain a broader understanding of the causes for this knowledge gap. It explains the knowledge gap on three levels; descriptive, conceptual, and theoretical. The paper also highlights the gradual shift from the humanitarian role of the nonprofit sector to contributors to economic growth in the Third World.

• Toward an Understanding of the International Nonprofit Sector: The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (1992)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #1 | Lester M. Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier. Identifies the key role of the capacities of the nonprofit/voluntary sector and introduces and describes the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in hopes of filling information gaps about the sector. Focuses on definitional, measurement, and theoretical concerns.

• Turkey: Major Periods of Civil Society Sector Development (2014)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #52 | Burak Özçetin, Ulaş Tol, M.Ali Çalışkan, and Mustafa Özer. This paper traces the origins and development of civil society organizations and links it to the evolution of state power in Turkey.

• Turkey: Nonprofit Law (2014)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #51 | Kasım Akbaş. Looks into the legal requirements and forms that shape the Turkish nonprofit sector, examining the many laws, regulations, and norms regulating each major type of NPO in Turkey, as well as the specific regulations within these major types.

• Turkey: The Current Environment for Civil Society in Turkey (2015)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #53 | Burak Özçetin and Mustafa Özer. This paper outlines the policy environment in which civil society organizations in Turkey operate as of 2014.

• Turkey: Turkey's Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective (2016)
  Mustafa Özer, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, Megan A. Haddock, and Lester M. Salamon. This is a report comparing the scope, composition, expenditures, history, and legal environment of the nonprofit sector in Turkey to its counterparts in other countries. The report draws on the data generated from the implementation of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project in Turkey, conducted in partnership with Andalou University and includes the application of the social origins theory of civil society development to the sector in Turkey.

• Uganda: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1998)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1998.

• United Kingdom: Chapter 9 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 9 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project,, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in the United Kingdom. Data is circa 1995.

• United Kingdom: Chapter 9 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 9 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en el Reino Unido. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• United Kingdom: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1993)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #5 | Jeremy Kendall and Martin Knapp. States that the nonprofit sector in the United Kingdom is important but that its boundaries are poorly defined, thereby making the activities conducted in this sector difficult to compile and study. The article makes note of the historical development of this sector and then highlights the major types of organization in the British nonprofit sector and their function as members of this sector. Also explains the legal framework and the tax treatment of these organizations by the government of the United Kingdom.

• United Kingdom: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• United States: Chapter 13 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (English, 1999)
  Chapter 13 of Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume 1. Resulting from the second stage of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, this chapter analyses the scope, size, composition, and financing of the civil society sector in the United States. Data is circa 1995.

• United States: Chapter 13 in Global Civil Society, Volume 1 (Español, 1999)
  Capítulo 13 de la La Sociedad Civil Global: Las dimensiones del sector no lucrativo, Volumen 1. Como resultado de la segunda etapa de la Johns Hopkins Proyecto Comparativo del Sector sin Fines de Lucro, en este capítulo se analiza el alcance, tamaño, composición, y la financiación del sector de la sociedad civil en los Estados Unidos. Los datos son alrededor de 1995.

• United States: Defining the Nonprofit Sector (1996)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #18 | Lester M. Salamon. Describes the historical and social context in which nonprofit organizations have developed in the U.S., the legal framework that defines their basic structure, and the recent trends influencing their evolution. Discusses the American ideology of volunteerism, particularly as it relates to tension between an individualist ethos and the need for collective action. Ultimately, recommends a comparative analysis of the American nonprofit sector to assess the applicability of theoretical definitions and to move beyond a purely ideological perspective.

• United States: Workforce, expenditures, and revenue data (1995)
  Adapted from Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and Associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Volume Two (Bloomfied, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004). Data circa 1995.

• Volunteering in Cross-National Perspective: Evidence From Twenty-Four Countries (2001)
  Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #40 | Lester M. Salamon and S. Wojciech Sokolowski. Examines data on volunteering in 24 countries. These data show considerable cross-national variation in the total amount of volunteering and in the distribution of that volunteering across service fields. The findings suggest that volunteering is not just an individual choice or spontaneous outburst of altruism, but is affected by larger social and institutional forces such as class structure, government policies, and organized religion.